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Bitcoin () is a cryptocurrency, a form of electronic cash. It's a decentralized digital currency without a central bank or single administrator which can be sent out of user-to-user on the peer reviewed bitcoin network with no need for intermediaries.7
Transactions are verified by network nodes through cryptography and recorded in a public distributed ledger called a blockchain. Bitcoin was invented by an unknown person or group of individuals using the name Satoshi Nakamoto9 and released as open-source software in 2009.10 Bitcoins are made as a reward for a procedure known as mining.
Research generated by the University of Cambridge estimates that in 2017, there were 2.9 to 5.8 million unique users using a cryptocurrency wallet, most of them using bitcoin.12.
Bitcoin has been criticized for its use in illegal transactions, its high electricity consumption, cost volatility, thefts from exchanges, and the possibility that bitcoin is an economic bubble.13 Bitcoin has also been used as an investment, even though several regulatory agencies have issued investor alarms about bitcoin.14
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The domain name"bitcoin.org" was registered on 18 August 2008.15 On 31 October 2008, a link to a paper authored by Satoshi Nakamoto titled Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System5 was submitted to a cryptography mailing list.16 Nakamoto implemented the bitcoin applications as open-source code and published it in January 2009.171810 Nakamoto's identity remains unknown.9.
In January 2009, the bitcoin network was made when Nakamoto mined the first block of this chain, known as the genesis block.1920 Embedded in the coinbase of this block was the following text:"The Times 03/Jan/2009 Chancellor on brink of second bailout for banks. "10 This note has been interpreted as either a timestamp and a comment on the instability caused by fractional-reserve banking.21:18.
The receiver of the initial bitcoin transaction was cypherpunk Hal Finney, who made the very first reusable proof-of-work platform (RPOW) in 2004.22 Finney downloaded the bitcoin software on its release date, and on 12 January 2009 obtained ten bitcoins from Nakamoto.2324 Other early cypherpunk supporters were founders of bitcoin predecessors: Wei Dai, founder of b-money, and Nick Szabo, founder of little gold.25 In 2010, the earliest known business transaction using bitcoin happened when programmer Laszlo Hanyecz purchased two Papa John's pizzas for 10,000 bitcoin.26.
Nakamoto is estimated to have mined one million bitcoins27 before disappearing in 2010, when he handed the network awake key and control of this code over Gavin Andresen. Andresen afterwards became lead programmer at the Bitcoin Foundation.2829 Andresen then sought to decentralize control. This abandoned opportunity for controversy to develop over the future development course of bitcoin.3029.
After early"proof-of-concept" transactions, the first major users of bitcoin were black markets, such as Silk Road. During its 30 months of existence, beginning in February 2011, Silk Road exclusively accepted bitcoins as payment, transacting 9.9 million in bitcoins, value about $214 million.31:222
In 2011, the price started at $0.30 each bitcoin, growing to $5.27 for year. The price rose to $31.50 on 8 June. Within a month the price fell to $11.00. The next month it fell to $7.80, and in another month to $4.77.32
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Litecoin, an early bitcoin spin-off or altcoin, appeared in October 2011.33 Many altcoins have been created since then.34
In 2012, bitcoin prices began at $5.27 growing to $13.30 for the year.32 By 9 January the price had risen to $7.38, but then dropped by 49 percent to $3.80 within the next 16 days. The cost then climbed to $16.41 on 17 August, but dropped by 57 percent to $7.10 within the next 3 days.35.
In March 2013 the blockchain briefly split into two independent chains with different rules. The two blockchains operated simultaneously for half an hour, each with its own version of the transaction history. Normal operation was revived when the vast majority of the network downgraded to version 0.7 of their bitcoin applications.37 The Mt.
Gox experienced processing delays because of insufficient capacity44 resulting in the bitcoin cost dropping from $266 to $76 prior to returning to $160 within six hours.45 The bitcoin price rose to $259 on 10 April, but then dropped by 83 percent to $45 over the next 3 times.35 On 15 May 2013, US government seized accounts associated with Mt.
881.48 This marked the first time a government agency had captured bitcoin.4950 The FBI captured about 26,000 bitcoins in October 2013 from the dark web website Silk Road during the arrest of Ross William Ulbricht.515253 Bitcoin's Continue cost rose to $755 on 19 November and crashed by 50 percent to $378 exactly the exact same day.
In 2014, prices started at $770 and dropped to $314 for the calendar year.32 In February 2014 that the Mt. Gox exchange, the largest bitcoin exchange at the moment, stated that 850,000 bitcoins had been stolen from its own customers, amounting to almost $500 million. Bitcoin's cost fell by nearly half, from $867 to $439 (a 49% drop).